Green Analytical Method Development and Validation of Atenolol by HPLC and HPTLC

Abstract

Atenolol (ATN) is a selective β1 receptor antagonist which is used primarily in cardiovascular diseases. Atenolol is used to treat angina (chest pain) and hypertension (high blood pressure). It is also used to treat or prevent heart attack or heart damage after a heart attack. It is also used to treat myocardial infarction (heart attack), arrhythmias (rhythm disorders), and disorders arising from decreased circulation and vascular constriction, including migraine. No green technique incorporating the use of Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) in HPLC and HPTLC for ATN has been reported. In the present work, a green analytical method for determination of Atenolol using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method with UV detection at 226nm (GRP- HPLC-UV) was established. This G-RP-HPLC-UV method was achieved using a Phenomenex C18 (250 x 4.6 mm, 5.0 μm) column kept at 25°C. The peak of Atenolol was separated using Ethanol: Water (30:70, %v/v) + 0.1% Glacial Acetic Acid as a mobile phase in isocratic program. A Green Analytical Method for determination of Atenolol was also performed using normal phase high performance thin layer chromatographic method (G-NP-HPTLC) using Ethanol: Acetone: Toluene: Glacial Acetic Acid (50:30:10:10, %v/v). The method was validated as per the ICH Q2 (R1) guideline and the validation parameters were carried out. The greenness score of the developed methods of both instruments were compared with previously reported methods using Analytical Greenness Tool (AGREE) and Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAMI). AGREE score of 0.88 was obtained for the developed method and 0.53, 0.63 for the previously reported method which are considered poor AGREE scores compared to the established green G-RP-HPLC and G-NPHPTLC methods. A GAPI pictogram was also generated for both of the developed methods which demonstrated extreme greenness as compared to other reported methods, and these emerging environmentally friendly green methods should be explored in pharmaceutical industries to reduce the potential hazards of organic solvents on nature.