Role of Occupation, Inheritance, Migration and Diet on, Prevelence of Neuropathy in Diabetes in Gandhinagar and Patan and Effect of Insulin on NOGO - 66 Receptor Gene Expression in Cerebral Cortex of Diabetic Rats

Abstract

India is now the diabetic capital of world and Gujarat has the dubious distinction of state with second highest number of diabetics. This study, aim to identify the role of economic status, occupation, dietary pattern, inheritance and migration in prevalence of diabetes occurrence and management in two diverse districts of Gujarat- Gandhinagar and Patan. Our study revealed that high fastfood consumption in Gandhinagar and more cereal intake in Patan population are responsible for higher incidence of diabetes in these regions. Percentage of inherited diabetes was more in Patan compared to Gandhinagar while migrated population with diabetes was more in Gandhinagar compared to Patan. Incidence of diabetes was high in laboring workers and service class population in Patan where as in Gandhinagar diabetes was high in service class as well as housewives. Diabetic complications and Hypoglcemic episodes were high in Patan compared to Gandhinagar diabetic population. This study indicates that diabetes is now no longer a disease of the rich but is now creeping into other sectors of society. Not only fastfood but more intake of cereal food with decreased manual activity can factor contributing to the rise in diabetes. Along with prescribed allopathic drugs, people do consume herbal drugs as adjuncts to manage diabetes. Physical activity to manage diabetes includes brisk walking, yoga and regular exercise which is high in educated masses. Diabetes due to immigration is not a major factor increasing the incidence of diabetes here. Diabetes was induced in rats by a single intravenous dose (50mg/kg body weight) of Streptozotocin prepared in citrate buffer. Daily 2 doses (1 IU/Kg bodyweight) of insulin treatment was given to D+I group. Diabetic neuropathy is a debilitating complication which encompasses a variety of stress ranging from discomfort to death. Hyperglycemia induces oxidative stress in diabetic neurons which activates certain pathways that are major source of damage leading to diabetic neuropathy. The Alanine transaminase (ALT) enzyme assay was carried out in control and experimental group of rats. We observed a significant increase in ALT enzyme activity in D compared to C in liver which is suggestive of cellular necrosis which results from an increase in mitochondrial oxidative stress. Insulin treatment significantly decreased the activity of ALT in D+I compared to D suggests availability of insulin reverses liver damage. Another objective of this study was to check the effect of hyperglycemia and therapeutic effect of insulin on NOGO-66 receptor gene expression in cerebral cortex (CC) of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats by PCR. We obtained good quality of total RNA and cDNA was prepared but the desired amplified product of NOGO-66 receptor gene was not obtained. We also carried out behaviour study to assess the role of insulin on motor activity. Rotation Diameter Test is a good indicator of impairment in motor function and coordination of limb movement in diabetic rats. A significant decrease in the rotation diameter on the circular board was observed in D compared to C. Tight but not wide turns are associated with a twisted, dystonic body posture, so an abnormally twisted body posture was observed in diabetes. Insulin treatment to diabetic rats significantly increased the rotation diameter as compared to D which suggests that insulin treatment reverses the motor related dysfunction in diabetes. A significant increase in the immobile time on the circular board was observed in D compared to C suggesting impairment in their ability to integrate sensory input with appropriate motor commands suggested to be indicative of neuropathy. Insulin treatment to diabetic rats significantly decreased immobile time as compared to D indicating therapeutic role of insulin on the motor dysfunction in diabetes.