Understanding and Modulating the Toll Like Receptors (TLRs) and NOD Like Receptors (NLRs) Cross Talk in Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract

Diabetes is the most common chronic endocrine disorder having 382 million people in 2013, which will increase to 592 million by 2035 all over the world [1]. Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) are often associated with low-grade systematic inflammation, which is regarded as the activation of the immune systems, increased release of the adipocytes derived bioactive metabolites like free fatty acids (FFA), lipids and proinflammatory cytokines and increased gut derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS), leading to the progression of disease [2, 3]. As early as the 1950s, there was little evidence suggesting a correlation or link between inflammation and insulin-resistant states such as obesity, but the mechanism was unknown. In recent times, researchers have found that IL-1􀀂, TNF-􀀁, Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and C-reactive proteins (CRP) are major acute phase responsive proteins, which are the strongest predictors of the development of obesity which further progress to T2D [4].