Investigation of prediabetes and obesity prevalence and their association with various risk factors

Abstract

Aim and Objectives: With rapid economic developments, the increased prevalence of prediabetes and obesity has become major health crisis globally. These lifestyle chronic disorders are the major cause of cardiovascular complications. The aims of the current study were to determine prevalence of prediabetes and obesity as well to explore their association with various risk factors. This help us to develop management strategies by early diagnosis and early interventions in the form of education regarding lifestyle modifications. Materials and methods: This was an observational, cross-sectional, multicentric study. The study included 2,412 participants of age ≥12 years to 55 years of both the genders. The participants were further divided into three groups: 12-17, 18-35 and 36-55 years. Subjects from different zones in the Ahmedabad city were included to avoid bias and to get an equal distribution of subjects by socioeconomic state, ethnic variability and gender. The questionnaire was assessed for life style, physical activity, dietary habit, family histories and social factors that influence physical and psychosocial health of subject. Clinical examination of the subjects was carried out by taking their blood samples and were selected as prediabetic based on Fasting blood sugar ≥100 mg/dL and <126 mg/dL. The subjects with BMI 25 – 29.9 kg/m2 were considered obese and BMI ⩾ 30 kg/m2 were considered obese. Blood lipid profile, vitamin D level, insulin level and C-reactive protein were analysed for significance with prediabetes and obesity.Results: The prevalence of prediabetes was found significantly higher among 36-55 years (33.19%) and 18-35 years (28.81%) age group compared to 12-17 years (5.09%). The prediabetes prevalenceInvestigation of prediabetes and obesity prevalence and their association with various risk factorswas remarkably found higher among overweight and obese participants than healthy weight. Family history of diabetes was found significantly associated with incident prediabetes among 18-35 and 36-55 years old subjects. The incidence of pre-hypertension and hypertension was shown an association with prediabetes with higher mean fasting blood sugar level among prehypertensive and hypertensive participants. Physical activity postulated a protective effect on prevention of prediabetes in current study. It was also noticed that participation in indoor and outdoor games reduces the risk of prediabetes in 18-35 and 36-55 years old subjects. Higher prevalence of non-vegetarian dietary form reported among prediabetes participants in all the age groups. Once in a week frequency of junk food habit was noted significantly higher among 18-35 and 36-55 years old participants. Everyday habit of eating sweets was considered as predisposing factor for incident prediabetes in all age groups. Subjects with medium level of stress has significant association with prediabetes among participants of all age groups. The prevalence of prediabetes was noted higher among upper and upper middle socioeconomic class. The mean values of lipid, vitamin D, insulin and C-reactive protein were noted significantly higher among prediabetics than normal subjects.The current study noted 16.23%, 18.51% and 26.22% prevalence of overweight while 5.48%, 5.15% and 5.39% prevalence of obesity among 12-17, 18-35 and 36-55 years participants, respectively. The prevalence of pre-hypertension and hypertension was significantly higher among overweight and obese subjects than healthy weight. Physical activity shown protective effect on BMI in current study in all three age groups. It was further noted that participants who did not play either indoor or outdoor games had higher BMI. The dietary type whether vegetarian, non-vegetarian or eggetarian had no significant association with BMI in all participants of three age groups. The everyday junk food eating habit established an association with overweight and obesity among 18-35 and 36-55 years age groups. Whilst prevalence of overweight and obese was higher among subjects who had everyday sweet eating habit in all three age groups. Level of stress had an association with obesity in school going children. In all three age groups, the overweight and obese subjects were found higher from upper socioeconomic class. The study established and association of lipid abnormalities, vitamin D deficiency, hyperinsulinemia and elevated C-reactive protein with overweight and obesity in all three age groups.